Minute Book 3: 1729-May, Part 1: Oswego’s economy

MAIC Reel 1 p. 283: List of expenses for provisioning the fort at Oswego.

The entry for May 5, 1729 is a detailed two page account of the expenses incurred in furnishing the fort at Oswego with provisions and necessities, with a cover letter to the governor asking him to submit it to the New York Assembly for reimbursement.

In Library and Archives Canada’s digital copy of the original minutes, the list of people who had done work related to the fort starts here on p. 283. A wide variety of crafts people, boat men, carriage men, laborers, and others had claims. The list reveals the effort required to transport people and goods up the Mohawk River to maintain English troops at a fortified trading center at a considerable distance from Anglo-Dutch population centers. It also shows that Oswego had become a source of income for many Dutch and Palatine families. Provisioning Oswego would make up to some degree for the income lost when the English cracked down on the direct fur trade between Albany and the Saint Lawrence Valley.

But what about the Haudenosaunee, Mohicans, and other native people living between Albany and Montreal who had derived an income from that trade? One might think that they could have been hired as boatmen, or that the garrison could have bought food from the Haudenosaunee directly instead of importing it, or hired them to work in other capacities that would have funneled English funds into their economies. There are no names on the list that can be clearly identified as native people, and while it is true that a few native people were starting to take English or Dutch names, the Indian Commissioners generally identified them as Indians when writing about them. The rest of the documentation on Oswego confirms the impression that New York bought most goods and services from colonists.

Allowing for some inconsistencies in spelling, more than 60 people from about 47 families applied to be reimbursed. In alphabetical order, they were: Jacob Beekman, Anthony Bogardus, Arent Bradt, Barent A. Bradt, Barnardus Bradt, Eghbert Bradt, Joseph Clement, Johannis Cloet, Adam Condu, Abraham Cuyler, Arent Danielse, Daniel Danielse, Dirck de Garmoy, Jelles de Garmoy, Abraham Douw, Dirck Dumont, Robert Dunbarr, Evert Evertse [Wendell?], Jelles Fonda, John Foster, Harme Grodt, Thomas Harris, Landert Helmer, William Hogan, Evert Janse [Wendell?] Frederick Kipman, Johannis Lansingh, Philip Livingston, Dirck Lucas, Johannis Myndertse, Joshua Perry, William Peters, Peter Quackenboss Jr., Godfrey Reile [Riley?], Guysbert Roseboom, Barent Sanders, Thomas Schoenmaker, Adam Staring, Juria Taxsteeder [Doxtator?], Adam Taxtieder [Doxtator?], Abraham Trueax, Jacob Trueax, Peter Van Alen, Guysbert Van Brakelis, Adam Van den Bergh, Wilhelmus Van den Bergh, Johannes D Van der Heyden, Evert Van Eps, Douw Van Veghten, Johannis Van Veghten, Ruben Van Veghten, Benjamin Van Vlecq, Harmanus Vedder, Jacobus Vedder, Simon Veeder, Jacob Visger, Barent Vroman, Johannis Vroman, Jan Wemp, Evert H. Wendell, and Johannis Wyngaert.

On May 22, the Commissioners submitted a memorial to Governor Montgomerie suggesting a solution to the recurring problems in supplying the garrison at Oswego. They thought it would be easier if the legislature would set appropriate conditions for the job, and then let people bid for it. The work would then be awarded to “the cheapest and lowest undertaker.” They said several people had already made proposals to take on this work. They claimed that farming the work out in this way would be “a benefitt to the Province in general” and even “of great Ease to those who now have the Management thereof.”

They also submitted a second list of expenses for reimbursement, including some of the same names and some new ones as follows: Evert Janse, Casper Ham, Mark Van Buren, Johannis Wyngaert, Dirch Hun, Johannis Roseboom, Johannis Cuyler, William Barret, Arent Danielse, Sanders Glen, Andries Van Petten, and Jan Baptiste Van Eps.

Minute Book 3: 1729-April: At Oswego: Shortages, Illness, and French Threats

Oswego continued to face the problems that had dogged it from the time it was constructed: a shortage of supplies, recurrent illness, and the threat of French attacks. During April the Commissioners of Indian Affairs took steps to address them. In early March they had heard from Dr. Kerr, the resident physician at Oswego, that the men were “much out of order” and short of supplies. They wrote to him on April 14th to tell him that the governor had given them a box of medicines that they were sending along with twenty gallons of rum, a hundred pounds of sugar, twenty-five pounds of rice, and two pounds of pepper.  Provisions for Oswego were provided by the Palatine farmer Johan Jurch Kast and  the commissioners arranged for them to be conveyed there by Casper Ham, Johannes Wyngaert, Evert Janse, and Marte Van Buren Junior along with the medical supplies. Each man was provided with a bateau for the purpose. They were told to bring back any empty bags from Oswego and leave twenty five of them with John Jurch Kast if he needed them.

After hearing that the French were making preparations to attack Oswego “this Spring with their Indians,” the commissioners sent Lourence Claese to ask the Six Nations for help. He was instructed to point out that if the French took Oswego, the Haudenosaunee would be surrounded on all sides by hostile forces. While this seems like an exaggeration, it is true that there were already several French forts on the Great Lakes.  The English position was that these were illegal, although the Haudenosaunee position was far more nuanced. Nonetheless, Claese was  told to remind the Six Nations leadership that they had agreed to the construction of the Oswego trade house and that it was built for their defense and security. Moreover they had promised to defend it if necessary. Governor Montgomerie now requested them to send two Sachims from each Nation to Oswego to remain there pending further orders from the governor. If the French attacked, the sachims should tell them that the trading house was built by the orders of the Haudenosaunee and upon their ground, and a attack on it would be considered as “an Attempt on their own Castles.”

These instructions framed what the Six Nations said at the treaty held with Governor Montgomery the previous October to make it sound more whole-hearted than it was.. The Six Nations did not see the Oswego trade house as one of their own castles, nor was it built “by their orders. ” They had agreed to let the English construct it, but with considerable ambivalence and reluctance. When asked to affirm their willingness to defend it, they initially pointed out that the English said they were building it to defend the Six Nations, not the other way around. As they put it, “Wee Acquaint you that last year when Liberty was Desired to build there it was told us that the same was built there on Purpose to Defend and Protect the Six Nations because It is a Fronteer of our Nations Therefore Wee Rely on your Promises to Perform them.” When the governor seemed to take offense, they soothed his feelings by acknowledging that the French were their “Ancient Enemies,” and they were willing to help defend the trade house. But they also made it clear that they expected the English to provide them with arms and ammunition and to use Great Britain’s much vaunted military resources if war should break out with the French.

In Library and Archives Canada’s digital copy of the original minutes, the first entry for April 1729 starts here on p. 282.